Fig. 4

Students’ perceptions of the percent of classmates cheating by proctoring type. Boxplots showing respondent estimations of the percent of classmates cheating during remotely proctored and in-person exams. The boxplot shows the median value within the interquartile range of responses as well as the mean estimated percent. The dots represent outlier estimates that were greater than three standard deviations from the mean. Participants (n = 342) estimated that 11.6% of the class was cheating during in-person exams and 21.2% of the class was cheating during remotely proctored exams. The difference in means was statistically significant (t₅₈₇ = 7.41, p < 0.001)