Fig. 1

Conceptual framework of the interactions of online learning based on current literature. A conceptual framework based on current literature to structure the research approach. Online learning requires remote learning environments, which are important to students' learning experiences, and online learning also revives conversations among instructors and researchers about academic integrity in virtual spaces. Concerns about academic integrity and remote environments intersect to facilitate using remote proctoring services to monitor student behavior. Currently, the effects of remote proctoring on students’ course experiences are unknown