Table 4 Beliefs about increases in outsourcing behaviors during the rapid transition to remote instruction by gender, student status, years of study and discipline
Variable | Buying, selling, or trading notes | Sharing completed assignments | Obtaining completed assignments to submit | Providing exam assistance | Receiving exam assistance | Taking exams for another student | Arranging for another to take their exams | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agree | Neutral/ disagree | Agree | Neutral/ disagree | Agree | Neutral/ disagree | Agree | Neutral/ disagree | Agree | Neutral/ disagree | Agree | Neutral/ disagree | Agree | Neutral/ disagree | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Gender | ||||||||||||||
 Men | 53 (21.8) | 190 (78.2) | 83 (34.3) | 159 (65.7) | 44 (18.2) | 198 (81.8) | 90 (37.3) | 151 (62.7) | 92 (38.3) | 148 (61.7) | 38 (15.8) | 203 (84.2) | 38 (15.8) | 202 (84.2) |
 Women | 86 (18.9) | 368 (81.1) | 105 (23.2) | 348 (76.8) | 61 (13.5) | 391 (86.5) | 164 (36.4) | 287 (63.6) | 167 (36.9) | 285 (63.1) | 75 (16.6) | 376 (83.4) | 67 (14.9) | 383 (85.1) |
 RR (95% CI) | 1.15 (.85, 1.56) | 1.48 (1.16, 1.89) | 1.35 (.95, 1.92) | 1.03 (.84, 1.26) | 1.04 (.85, 1.27) | .95 (.66, 1.36) | 1.06 (.74, 1.53) | |||||||
 p | 0.372 | 0.002 | 0.119 | 0.804 | 0.742 | 0.829 | 0.740 | |||||||
Student status | ||||||||||||||
 Domestic | 129 (20.0) | 516 (80.0) | 170 (26.4) | 473 (73.6) | 88 (13.7) | 554 (86.3) | 236 (36.9) | 404 (63.1) | 242 (37.8) | 398 (62.2) | 102 (15.9) | 538 (84.1) | 95 (14.9) | 544 (85.1) |
 International | 14 (19.7) | 57 (80.3) | 21 (29.6) | 50 (70.4) | 19 (26.8) | 52 (73.2) | 23 (32.4) | 48 (67.6) | 23 (32.4) | 48 (67.6) | 14 (19.7) | 57 (80.3) | 12 (17.1) | 58 (82.9) |
 RR (95% CI) | 1.01 (.62, 1.66) | .89 (.61, 1.31) | .51 (.33, .79) | 1.14 (.80, 1.62) | 1.17 (.82, 1.66) | .81 (.49, 1.34) | .87 (.50, 1.50) | |||||||
 p | 1.000 | 0.574 | 0.008 | 0.517 | 0.438 | 0.400 | 0.599 | |||||||
Year of study | ||||||||||||||
 Year 1 and 2 | 86 (21.7) | 310 (78.3) | 119 (30.2) | 275 (69.8) | 67 (17.0) | 327 (83.0) | 159 (40.5) | 234 (59.5) | 162 (41.2) | 231 (58.8) | 78 (19.8) | 315 (80.2) | 69 (17.6) | 324 (82.4) |
 Year 3 +  | 57 (17.9) | 261 (82.1) | 72 (22.6) | 246 (77.4) | 40 (12.6) | 277 (87.4) | 100 (31.6) | 216 (68.4) | 103 (32.6) | 213 (67.4) | 38 (12.0) | 278 (88.0) | 38 (12.1) | 276 (87.9) |
 RR (95% CI) | 1.21 (.90, 1.64) | 1.33 (1.04, 1.72) | 1.35 (.94, 1.94) | 1.28 (1.05, 1.56) | 1.27 (1.04, 1.54) | 1.65 (1.15, 2.36) | 1.45 (1.01, 2.09) | |||||||
 p | 0.222 | 0.027 | 0.114 | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.045 | |||||||
Discipline | ||||||||||||||
 STEM | 94 (22.1) | 332 (77.9) | 138 (32.5) | 287 (67.5) | 76 (17.9) | 348 (82.1) | 170 (40.2) | 253 (59.8) | 173 (41.0) | 249 (59.0) | 78 (18.5) | 344 (81.5) | 73 (17.3) | 348 (82.7) |
 SSH | 53 (17.7) | 246 (82.3) | 58 (19.5) | 240 (80.5) | 33 (11.1) | 265 (88.9) | 94 (31.6) | 203 (68.4) | 97 (32.6) | 201 (67.4) | 41 (13.8) | 257 (86.2) | 37 (12.5) | 260 (87.5) |
 RR (95% CI) | 1.25 (.92, 1.68) | 1.67 (1.28, 2.18) | 1.62 (1.11, 2.37) | 1.27 (1.04, 1.56) | 1.26 (1.03, 1.54) | 1.34 (.95, 1.90) | 1.39 (.97, 2.01) | |||||||
 p | 0.160 |  < 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.103 | 0.075 | |||||||