Table 2 Beliefs about increases in academic misconduct and instructor concerns about cheating by gender, student status, year of study, and discipline
Variable | Overall belief that academic misconduct increased | Outsourcing behaviors increased | Instructors more concerned about cheating | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agree | Neutral/ disagree |  ≥ 1 behaviour | None | Agree | Neutral/ disagree | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Gender | ||||||
 Men | 121 (50.2) | 120 (49.8) | 128 (52.7) | 115 (47.3) | 97 (39.9) | 146 (60.1) |
 Women | 239 (52.6) | 215 (47.4) | 222 (48.9) | 232 (51.1) | 244 (53.6) | 211 (46.4) |
 RR (95%CI) | .95 (.82, 1.11) | 1.08 (.93, 1.25) | .74 (.62, .89) | |||
 p | .58 | 0.38 | .001 | |||
Status | ||||||
 Domestic | 345 (53.6) | 299 (46.4) | 325 (50.4) | 320 (49.6) | 306 (47.4) | 339 (52.6) |
 International | 23 (32.9) | 47 (67.1) | 33 (46.5) | 38 (53.5) | 44 (61.1) | 28 (38.9) |
 RR (95%CI) | 1.63 (1.16, 2.30) | 1.08 (.84, 1.41) | .78 (.64, .95) | |||
 p | 0.001 | 0.62 | 0.03 | |||
Year of study | ||||||
 Year 1 and 2 | 221 (55.9) | 174 (44.1) | 216 (54.5) | 180 (45.5) | 207 (52.0) | 191 (48.0) |
 Year 3 +  | 146 (46.1) | 171 (53.9) | 142 (44.7) | 176 (55.3) | 143 (45.1) | 174 (54.9) |
 RR (95%CI) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.41) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.42) | 1.15 (.99, 1.35) | |||
 p | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07 | |||
Discipline | ||||||
 STEM | 247 (57.2) | 185 (42.8) | 237 (55.6) | 189 (44.4) | 225 (50.6) | 220 (49.4) |
 SSH | 130 (42.9) | 173 (57.1) | 127 (42.5) | 172 (57.5) | 155 (47.1) | 174 (52.9) |
 RR (95%CI) | 1.33 (1.14, 1.55) | 1.31 (1.12, 1.53) | 1.07 (.93, 1.24) | |||
 p |  < .001 | 0.001 | 0.35 | |||