Table 1 The 25 techniques of situational crime prevention, with crime prevention examples of each technique (from Clarke 2017)
From: Removing the opportunity for contract cheating in business capstones: a crime prevention case study
Increase effort | Increase risk | Reduce rewards | Reduce provocations | Remove excuses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Target harden   • Steering column locks and ignition immobilizers   • Anti-robbery screens   • Tamper-proof packaging | 6. Extend guardianship  • Go out in group at night  • Leave signs of occupancy  • Carry mobile phone | 11. Conceal targets  • Off-street parking  • Gender-neutral phone directories  • Unmarked armoured trucks | 16. Reduce frustrations and stress  • Efficient lines  • Polite service  • Expanded seating  • Soothing music/muted lights | 21. Set rules  • Rental agreements  • Harassment codes  • Hotel registration |
2. Control access to facilities   • Entry phones   • Electronic card access   • Baggage screening | 7. Assist natural surveillance  • Improved street lighting  • Support whistle-blowers | 12. Remove targets  • Removable car radios  • Women’s shelters  • Pre-paid cards for pay phones | 17. Avoid disputes  • Separate seating for rival soccer fans  • Reduce crowing in bars  • Fixed cab fares | 22. Post instructions  • ‘No parking’  • ‘Private property’  • ‘Total fire ban’ |
3. Screen exits   • Tickets needed for exit   • Export documents   • Electronic merchandise tags | 8. Reduce anonymity  • Taxi driver IDs  • ‘How’s my driving?’ decals  • School uniforms | 13. Identify property  • Property marking  • Vehicle licensing and parts marking  • Cattle branding | 18. Reduce temptation and arousal  • Controls on violent pornography  • Prohibit racial slurs | 23. Alert conscience  • Roadside speed display boards  • Signatures for customs declarations  • ‘Shoplifting is stealing’ |
4. Deflect offenders   • Street closures   • Separate bathrooms for women   • Disperse pubs | 9. Use place managers  • CCTV for double-deck busses  • Two clerks for convenience stores  • Reward vigilance | 14. Disrupt markets  • Monitor pawn shops  • Controls on classified ads  • License street vendors | 19. Neutralise peer pressure  • ‘Idiots drink and drive’  • ‘It’s OK to say No’  • Disperse school troublemakers | 24. Assist compliance  • Easy library check out  • Public lavatories  • Litter receptacles |
5. Control tools/weapons   • ‘Smart’ guns   • Restrict spray paint sales to juveniles   • Toughened beer glasses | 10. Strengthen formal surveillance  • Red light cameras  • Burglar alarms  • Security guards | 15. Deny benefits  • Ink merchandise tags  • Graffiti cleaning  • Disabling stolen mobile phones | 20. Discourage imitation  • Rapid repair of vandalism  • Censor details of modus operandi | 25. Control drugs and alcohol  • Server intervention programs  • Alcohol-free events |