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Table 1 Citation Strategies

From: Plagiarism as an academic literacy issue: the comprehension, writing and consulting strategies of Portuguese university students

Citation Strategy

Definition

Copying without quotation marks

Reproducing the text exactly, without quotations marks

Copying with quotation marks

Reproducing the text exactly, with quotations marks

Patchwriting

Restating a phrase, a clause, or a sentence using a language or syntax very close to the text read, including superficial changes, such as changes in morphology (e.g., a change in verb tense) and syntax (e.g., a change from an active to a passive sentence)

Paraphrasing

Restating a phrase, a clause, or one or two sentences in fresh language, while interpreting the source correctly, including the integration of two sentences using new language

Summarizing

Presentation of the main ideas of the text as a whole or at least of three consecutive sentences in the text, implying reducing the source and restating the passages in fresh language