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Table 11 Overview of individual level explanatory factors predicting the analysed questionable practices (results from multivariate mixed effects analyses)

From: Lack of ethics or lack of knowledge? European upper secondary students’ doubts and misconceptions about integrity issues

Questionable practice (QAP)

Significant association with

Copied shorter passages from other sources into your own text without marking them as quotes (n = 1218)

• Uncertainty concerning citation practices

• Academic training (courses not dedicated to integrity issues)

• Country

• Perception of peer behaviour

Added students as co-authors of group assignments even though they did not contribute (n = 1139)

• Gender

• Country

• Perception of peer behaviour

Received help from other students or family members on assignments you were supposed to complete on your own (n = 1168)

• Uncertainty concerning collaboration

• Academic training (discussions with teachers outside regular classes)

• Perception of peer behaviour

Deleted deviating data points based on a gut feeling that they were inaccurate (n = 902)

• Uncertainty concerning data

• Self-reported knowledge

• Perception of peer behaviour