Table 4 Chi-Square Results of Citations in regard to M.A. vs. PhD Theses Writers
From: An investigation of the citation transformation types in M.A. and PhD theses
Direct Quotation | Patch-writing | Paraphrase | Summary | Critical Evaluation | Incorrect citation use | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M.A. writers | 704,575.88 (28.50) | 376,278.46 (34.17) | 1051 1027.46 (0.54) | 1116 1311.57 (29.16) | 262,347.87 (21.20) | 188,155.77 (6.67) | 3697 |
PhD writers | 722,851.12 (19.29) | 314,411.54 (23.12) | 1495 1518.54 (0.36) | 2134 1938.43 (19.73) | 600,514.13 (14.34) | 198,230.23 (4.51) | 5464 |
Total | 1426 | 690 | 2546 | 3250 | 862 | 386 | 9161 |