Table 2 Chi-Square Results of Types of Transformations in terms of English L1 vs. L2 Writers
From: An investigation of the citation transformation types in M.A. and PhD theses
Direct Quotation | Patch-writing | Paraphrase | Summary | Critical Evaluation | Incorrect citation use | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
English writers | 378,678.60 (133.15) | 15,328.35 (299.04) | 1322 1211.57 (10.06) | 1812 1546.59 (45.55) | 723,410.20 (238.52) | 109,183.69 (30.37) | 4359 |
Turkish writers | 1048 747.40 (120.90) | 675,361.65 (271.51) | 1224 1334.43 (9.14) | 1438 1703.41 (41.35) | 139,451.80 (216.56) | 277,202.31 (27.57) | 4802 |
Total | 1426 | 690 | 2546 | 3250 | 862 | 386 | 9161 |