Table 2 Categories, examples, and frequencies of teachers' concerns regarding ChatGPT and other AI-powered DWTs in teaching
Answer Category | Example | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
Becoming too dependent on the tools | The risk is that teachers might end up becoming too dependent on these tools and thus degrade their knowledge and skills to create original content | 25 |
Declension of students' creativity, proficiency, or critical thinking, | Dependence on these tools will result in a decline in the student's proficiency level Excessive use of ChatGPT limits students the opportunity to develop creative and innovative ideas concerning academic tasks | 21 |
Concerns about validity, accuracy, authenticity, and reliability of the outputs | These tools may only sometimes provide accurate and reliable responses; hence, they might lead to inaccurate outcomes in teaching or research | 20 |
Ethical Concerns (accountability, trust, misuse and abuse, transparency) | Ethical concerns. Integrity might be impaired. Increases the tendency of cheating | 18 |
Assessment concerns (how to assess uniform answers, difficulty in differentiating AI-content and Human-content) | Teachers might be misled into believing that their students have acquired the competencies for the subject, but they are assessing an AI's work rather than their students' work | 11 |
Losing control due to lack of guidelines | The unrestricted use due to lack of guidelines might result in chaos | 7 |
Lack of training or technical expertise | One of the most difficult challenges is the lack of technical expertise | 5 |
Becoming lazy and complacent | Teachers and students will be complacent | 4 |
Replacing or surpassing humans | Its potential for the replacement of humans in writing-intensive work | 4 |
Hindering the development of interaction and other skills related to student–teacher relationships | An overemphasis on AI tools risks diminishing the significance of human interaction in education, possibly weakening teacher-student relationships and hindering the development of socio-emotional skills | 1 |
Cost | Another issue is the high cost of AI tools and applications | 1 |